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Politicians with a mandate are expected to represent the interests of their constituents, particularly those who voted for them, under what is known as an imperative mandate. Conversely, a free mandate allows politicians to act independently, making decisions based on their own judgment rather than strictly adhering to voters’ preferences. Political roles may include governmental positions, such as Interior Secretary or Minister of Agriculture, or party leadership roles, like party chairperson. In recent years, increasing numbers of women have entered politics, despite high-profile setbacks like Hillary Clinton’s loss to Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.
Most politicians are affiliated with political parties, advocating for their party’s agenda. In Germany, prominent parties include the CDU, SPD, and Die Grünen. Current debates, such as those surrounding asylum policy, highlight the often conflicting interests among politicians and parties due to divergent perspectives. In contrast, the United States operates a two-party system dominated by the Democrats and Republicans, each nominating candidates for the presidency.
Some politicians operate independently, unaffiliated with any party. For example, Joachim Gauck, Germany’s federal president from 2012 to 2017, was an independent politician. Beyond professional politicians, there are also voluntary politicians who engage in politics as a secondary pursuit alongside their primary careers.